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Masked shrike
The masked shrike (''Lanius nubicus'') is a bird in the shrike family, Laniidae. It breeds in southeastern Europe and at the eastern end of the Mediterranean, with a separate population in eastern Iraq and western Iran, although there are no geographical subspecies. It is migratory, wintering mainly in northeast Africa. Although it is a short-range migrant, vagrants have occurred widely elsewhere, including northern and western Europe. It is the smallest member of its genus, long-tailed and with a hooked bill. The male has mainly black upperparts, with white on its crown, forehead and supercilium and large white patches on the shoulders and wings. The throat, neck sides and underparts are white, with orange flanks and breast. The female is a duller version of the male, with brownish black upperparts and a grey or buff tone to the shoulders and underparts. The juvenile has grey-brown upperparts with a paler forehead and barring from the head to rump, barred off-white underparts and brown wings part from the white primary patches. The species' calls are short and grating, but the song has melodic warbler-like components.
The masked shrike's preferred habitat is open woodland with bushes and some large trees. It is less conspicuous than its relatives, avoiding very open country and often perching in less exposed locations. The nest is a neat cup built in a tree by both adults, and the clutch is normally 4–6 eggs, which are incubated by the female for 14–16 days until hatching. The chicks are fed by both parents until they fledge 18–20 days later, and remain dependent on the adults for about 3–4 weeks after leaving the nest. The masked shrike eats mainly large insects, occasionally small vertebrates; it sometimes impales its prey on thorns or barbed wire. Populations are decreasing in parts of the European range, but not rapidly enough to raise serious conservation concerns, and the species is therefore classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as being of Least Concern.
==Taxonomy==
The shrikes are a family of slender, long-tailed passerines, most of its members being in the genus ''Lanius'', the typical shrikes. They are short-necked birds with rounded wings and a hooked tip to the bill. Most occur in open habitats.〔 〕 The affiliations of the masked shrike with other members of the genus are uncertain; the "brown" shrikes (brown, red-backed and isabelline shrikes) and tropical species like the Somali fiscal have both been suggested as possible relatives. The masked shrike has no subspecies.〔 〕
The masked shrike was described by German explorer and naturalist Martin Lichtenstein in 1823 under its current scientific name.〔Lichtenstein (1823) p. 47.〕 ''Lanius'' is the Latin for a butcher, and comes from the shrikes' habit of impaling prey, reminiscent of a butcher hanging carcasses,〔 and ''nubicus'' means "Nubian" (from northeast Africa).〔Jobling (2010) p. 279.〕 The bird was independently described by Dutch zoologist Coenraad Temminck in 1824 as ''Lanius personatus'', from the Latin ''personatus'' "masked",〔Jobling (2010) p. 219.〕 referring, as does the English name, to the bird's appearance, but the older name takes precedence. A later synonym from 1844 was ''L. leucometopon'' from the Greek ''leukos'', "white", and ''metopon'', "forehead", describing a feature of the distinctive head pattern.〔Jobling (2010) p. 224.〕 "Shrike", first recorded in 1545, derives from the shrill cries given by this family, and the traditional common name "butcher-bird" again refers to the characteristic prey storage,〔 and has been in use since at least 1668.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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